Originally published by N.P.R. on December 20, 2011. Written by Michele Kelemen

Delly Mawazo Sesete wants American consumers to know what is in their smart phones, computers and other electronics and where U.S. companies like Apple are getting those rare metals.

Sesete says that, without knowing, consumers in the U.S. could be fueling conflicts in Eastern Congo. The human rights activist is from a remote part of the Democratic Republic of Congo, where armed groups are wreaking havoc and get much of their funding from mining rare metals.

“All the money that armed groups get from that exploitation is used to buy weapons and other ammunition so that they may cause injury to people … men slaughtered, pillage, rape of women and young girls,” he says.

Some of Sesete’s own family members have been forced from their homes in mineral rich areas of eastern Congo. The country’s riches, he says, have been a curse.

“These minerals are coming from the most conflicted area in the world, where women are raped by the thousands, where men are held in slavery and humiliated by having their wives raped in front of them,” says Rep. Jim McDermott, a Democrat from Washington state. “All of this mayhem is the basis for the mining of tin, tungsten and tantalum, which are elements that are essential for the creation of a Blackberry.”

The metals are also components for many other consumer electronics. McDermott is hopeful that a new U.S. law could help this situation. Buried deep in the 2010 Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act is a provision that requires U.S. companies to disclose the source of their minerals. Proponents, like McDermott, say it is past time for the Securities and Exchange Commission to tell companies what they must do to comply with that law.

“The companies, they are not opposed, they just want to know what the rules are so they can follow them, so they can say our product is acceptable,” he says.

Those rules have been slow in coming, says Daniel Kaufmann of the Brookings Institution. He co-sponsored a conference on this issue in Washington and says there has been debates about the price U.S. companies are facing to implement any new regulations.

“There is a tendency to exaggerate how costly it is to disclose,” Kaufmann says. “In any case, a modern company, a large company, has to gather all this information if it is well managed.”

There’s nothing in the law that says companies can’t use conflict minerals; they just have to disclose the source of their rare metals. Kaufman doesn’t expect quick changes on the ground and points out that Congo has many other problems — as the recent disputed elections highlighted. But he says in this one area, the U.S. can lead by example.

“On the one hand, it is the case that it is important that it is not just one piece of legislation, and only one country doing it and affecting only one set of companies,” he says, “but on the other, lets not underestimate the dynamic that is set by taking the lead.”

Kaufman says the European Union is working on similar rule, as is South Korea. Activists hope China can be convinced as well to help clean up the Congo’s mining sector.

The SEC rules are expected soon, but there’s no word on exactly when they will come out.

Photo Credit: Lionel Healing /AFP/Getty Images

Originally published by N.P.R. on November 29, 2011. Written by Eliza Barclay

Politicians and food executives have been talking about ending the problem of child labor in the West African cocoa industry for the last decade. After shocking revelations that hundreds of thousands of children were forced to harvest cacao beans under abusive conditions, companies pledged to address the practice as “fair trade” entered their lexicon.

But 10 years later, labor advocates say the chocolate industry doesn’t have a lot to show for itself on this issue. In 2009, the U.S. Department of State estimated that there were still more than 109,000 children working in Ivory Coast’s cocoa industry, and about 10 percent were victims of human trafficking or enslavement.

Perhaps that’s why Nestlé, the world’s largest food company, has just hired an organization that specializes in accountability to investigate and document child labor on the farms that supply it with the cocoa that ends up in millions of chocolate bars.

Beginning in January, the Fair Labor Association, Nestle’s new partner, will send a team of independent assessors to Ivory Coast to map the cocoa supply chain. The group has conducted similar investigations with companies in the textile, manufacturing and other industries in countries around the world. But Nestlé is the first food company to open up its supply chain to FLA’s scrutiny.

“Our system is a very robust system; it’s really only for companies ready to ‘walk the walk,’” Auret van Heerden, president of CEO of the Fair Labor Association, tells The Salt. “There’s a lot of work to be done and Nestlé knows that, but they’re showing commitment and seriousness.”

If FLA finds evidence of child labor, it will advise Nestlé on what to do about it, Nestle says. “Child labor has no place in our supply chain,” said Nestlé’s Executive Vice President for Operations José Lopez in a statement. “We cannot solve the problem on our own, but by working with a partner like the FLA, we can make sure our efforts to address it are targeted where they are needed most.”

Ivory Coast and other West African countries produce 75 percent of the world’s cocoa. But as NPR’s Maria Godoy has reported, bulk beans grown in Africa represent just a small sampling of the many flavors of cacao. That’s inspiring chocolate explorers to scour the Amazon Basin in search of a new bounty of wild cacao.

Photo Credit: Ben Curtis/ASSOCIATED PRESS